Uremia is a serious clinical condition that occurs when the kidneys can no longer filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of toxic substances such as urea and creatinine in the bloodstream. It commonly develops in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or with severe acute kidney injury and can affect many body systems if not promptly treated.

Uremia is more likely to develop in individuals with conditions that impair kidney function, including:

Older Age: Natural decline in kidney function increases vulnerability.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): The most common risk factor, especially in advanced stages.

Diabetes Mellitus: Long-term high blood sugar damages kidney blood vessels.

High Blood Pressure: Persistent hypertension reduces kidney filtration ability.

Gender: Men may have a higher risk of certain kidney diseases compared to women.

Age Extremes: Children and older adults are at higher risk due to less robust immunity.

Acute Kidney Injury: Sudden kidney damage due to infection, dehydration, shock, or toxins.

Urinary Tract Obstruction: Conditions like kidney stones or an enlarged prostate blocking urine flow.

Certain Medications and Toxins: Prolonged use of nephrotoxic drugs or exposure to harmful substances.

Treatment focuses on removing toxins, managing symptoms, and addressing the underlying cause:

Dialysis: Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis removes waste products from the blood when kidneys cannot function properly.

Medications: May include drugs to control blood pressure, anemia, electrolyte imbalance, and fluid retention.

Kidney Transplantation: For eligible patients with end‑stage renal disease, transplant may be a definitive solution.

Dietary Management: Low-protein, low-sodium, and low-potassium diets reduce strain on kidneys.

Treatment of Underlying Conditions: Managing diabetes, hypertension, or obstructions that contribute to kidney failure.