Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine‑producing brain cells, leading to movement difficulties and other symptoms. Although there is no cure, expert care can significantly improve quality of life and slow progression.

Parkinson’s symptoms often start gradually and may vary from person to person. Common signs include:

• Tremor.
• Slowed Movement (Bradykinesia).
• Muscle Stiffness.
• Balance and Posture Issues.
• Non‑Motor Symptoms.

Certain factors are known to increase the risk of developing Parkinson’s:

• Age: Parkinson’s disease is more common in older adults, with most cases diagnosed after the age of 60.
• Family History: People with a close family member affected by Parkinson’s may have a slightly higher risk due to genetic factors.
• Gender: Men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than women, though the exact reason is not fully understood.
• Environmental Exposure: Long-term exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides or industrial chemicals, may increase the risk of developing the disease.

While Parkinson’s disease cannot be cured, treatments can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life:

Medications: Medications are the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson’s disease and work by increasing dopamine levels or improving how dopamine functions in the brain to control movement. Levodopa combined with carbidopa is the most effective treatment for motor symptoms such as tremors, muscle stiffness, and slowed movements. Levodopa is converted into dopamine in the brain, while carbidopa helps reduce side effects like nausea and allows more of the medication to reach the brain. Dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors are also commonly used; dopamine agonists act like dopamine in the brain, and MAO-B inhibitors slow the breakdown of dopamine. These medications may be prescribed alone in early stages or used alongside levodopa to improve symptom control and reduce motor fluctuations over time.

Therapies and Supportive Care: Supportive therapies are an important part of Parkinson’s disease care and help patients maintain independence and improve daily functioning. Physical therapy focuses on improving mobility, strength, flexibility, posture, and balance, which can reduce stiffness and lower the risk of falls. Occupational therapy helps patients manage everyday activities such as dressing, eating, and writing by teaching adaptive techniques and recommending supportive tools. Speech therapy addresses speech changes, voice weakness, and swallowing difficulties, helping improve communication and reduce the risk of choking as the disease progresses.

Surgical Treatment: Deep-brain stimulation is an advanced treatment option for patients with Parkinson’s disease whose symptoms are not adequately controlled with medications. The procedure involves implanting thin electrodes into specific areas of the brain to help regulate abnormal nerve signals. DBS can effectively reduce tremors, muscle stiffness, and involuntary movements, and may also lower the need for high medication doses, improving overall quality of life in carefully selected patients.

Lifestyle and Long-Term Management: Long-term management of Parkinson’s disease includes regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and ongoing medical follow-up. A multidisciplinary care approach involving neurologists, therapists, dietitians, and counselors helps patients manage symptoms effectively and maintain quality of life over time.